Citation noticeOur citation system is being overhauled
References and citation markers may currently be incomplete, mismatched, or incorrect. This system is being rebuilt and reviewed before the full site launch.
Cyclazodone
The patent describes 5-phenyl-2-cyclopropylamino-4-oxazolinone as a central nervous system stimulant1. Cyclazodone belongs to the oxazolinone and substituted aminorex classes, structurally related to pemoline and other aminorex derivatives. American Cyanamid Company developed it in the 1960s. Its N-cyclopropyl group distinguishes it from pemoline and contributes to its close relationship with other N-substituted pemoline derivatives. Human safety data remain limited, and possible hepatotoxicity and other toxic effects have been suggested but are not well characterized.
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Duration
Subjective Effects
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
Cyclazodone is a central stimulant1 that promotes the release of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain. Its mechanism may involve amphetamine-like agonism at trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), although this mechanism is described as likely rather than established. TAAR1-related monoamine release is proposed to increase synaptic dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, with cyclazodone showing low to moderate serotonin-releasing activity. Animal studies reported central stimulant and antidepressant efficacy at least comparable to dextroamphetamine.
Pharmacokinetics
Tolerance
Tolerance timelines are rules of thumb, not exact schedules, and vary widely between individuals and use patterns.
Dopaminergic stimulants (including all stimulants mentioned as a group)
Harm Potential
Addiction & Dependence
Psychological
ModerateHeavy recreational stimulant use carries a serious addiction risk, but typical long-term therapeutic dosing is unlikely to produce addiction. The related compound pemoline appears to have lower dependence risk than more typical dopaminergic stimulants, although caution remains appropriate for monoamine releasing agents.
Toxicity
The exact toxic dosage is unknown due to cyclazodone's very limited history of human usage.
Heavy or sustained use may cause liver damage. Because pemoline, a structurally related drug, was withdrawn after liver injury was identified in children, cyclazodone may also have hepatotoxic properties.
The structurally related compound 4-methylaminorex is associated with pulmonary hypertension, though it induces far stronger stimulation than cyclazodone; mouse studies suggest cyclazodone exhibited less cardiotoxic effects than D-amphetamine.
At high doses, monoamine releasers may indirectly harm neurons by increasing oxidative burden, including reactive oxygen species and dopamine autoxidation; typical human doses have not been shown to cause direct neurotoxicity from releasing agents.
Psychosis Risk
Based on pharmacological similarity to other stimulants, misuse of this compound can likely result in a state of psychosis marked by paranoia, hallucinations, or delusions. Approximately 5-15% of stimulant users who develop psychosis fail to recover completely. Sustained high-dose use combined with sleep deprivation makes stimulant psychosis more likely. Psychosis very rarely arises from therapeutic use.
History & Culture
Cyclazodone was developed by the American Cyanamid Company in the 1960s. It had no documented history of recreational human use before appearing on the online research chemical market in 2017. Since then, its non-clinical use has received attention as a research chemical and study aid, despite the limited history of human use and lack of pharmacological data.
Legality
By Country
GermanyRestricted
United StatesNot scheduled
SwitzerlandNot scheduledReferences
Source Pages
Citations
Further Reading
Article Status
Step 1 · Automated synthesisAn autonomous workflow built by Josie Kins compiled this article's foundation from information published across the web.
- Step 2 · First-pass reviewPending
Not yet reviewed: this article is pending editorial review by Lyrea.
- Step 3 · Citation reviewPending
No one has reviewed this article's citations yet. That second pass checks each claim against the source it cites.
Suggest an edit
Spotted a mistake, an outdated claim, or something missing from the Cyclazodone article? Send the editors a private note. Feedback lands in a moderation queue and is never shown on the site.
Wish to give generalised feedback? You can do so here.
