1{
2 "id": 1,
3 "title": "1,4-Butanediol",
4 "priority": "high",
5 "index_categories": [],
6 "identification": {
7 "alternative_names": [
8 "BD",
9 "BDO",
10 "1,4-B",
11 "1,4-BD",
12 "Butylene glycol",
13 "Tetramethylene glycol",
14 "One Comma Four",
15 "Liquid Fantasy"
16 ],
17 "botanical_name": "",
18 "cas_number": "",
19 "common_name": "",
20 "inchi_key": "",
21 "iupac_name": "Butane-1,4-diol",
22 "molecular_formula": "",
23 "molecular_weight": "",
24 "skeletal_structure_image": "",
25 "smiles": "C(CCCO)O",
26 "substitutive_name": "1,4-Butanediol"
27 },
28 "classification": {
29 "chemical_class": [
30 "Diol (alkanediol)",
31 "GABA analogue (prodrug)"
32 ],
33 "psychoactive_class": [
34 "Depressant"
35 ]
36 },
37 "summary": "",
38 "dosage": {
39 "plateau_dosing": null,
40 "routes": [
41 {
42 "bioavailability": "",
43 "bioavailability_notes": "",
44 "dose_ranges": {
45 "heavy": {
46 "max": null,
47 "min": null,
48 "unit": "ml"
49 },
50 "light": {
51 "max": 1,
52 "min": 0.5,
53 "unit": "ml"
54 },
55 "moderate": {
56 "max": 1.5,
57 "min": 1,
58 "unit": "ml"
59 },
60 "strong": {
61 "max": null,
62 "min": 1.5,
63 "unit": "ml"
64 },
65 "threshold": {
66 "max": null,
67 "min": 0.5,
68 "unit": "ml"
69 }
70 },
71 "notes": "Doses are highly variable between individuals due to differences in alcohol dehydrogenase activity. Effects are delayed compared to GHB; redosing before onset is a common cause of overdose.",
72 "route": "oral"
73 }
74 ]
75 },
76 "duration": {
77 "routes": [
78 {
79 "half_life": "",
80 "half_life_notes": "",
81 "route": "oral",
82 "stages": {
83 "after_effects": {
84 "max": 4,
85 "min": 2,
86 "unit": "hours"
87 },
88 "come_up": {
89 "max": null,
90 "min": null,
91 "unit": "minutes"
92 },
93 "offset": {
94 "max": null,
95 "min": null,
96 "unit": "hours"
97 },
98 "onset": {
99 "max": 45,
100 "min": 10,
101 "unit": "minutes"
102 },
103 "peak": {
104 "max": null,
105 "min": null,
106 "unit": "hours"
107 },
108 "total_duration": {
109 "max": 5,
110 "min": 3,
111 "unit": "hours"
112 }
113 }
114 }
115 ]
116 },
117 "subjective_effects": {
118 "attribution": {
119 "author": "Josie Kins",
120 "text": "Forked from Subjective Effect Documentation by Josie Kins, September 2015.",
121 "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/20150924220651/https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/1,4-Butanediol"
122 },
123 "cognitive": {
124 "General": {
125 "effects": [
126 {
127 "description": "Unlike alcohol which merely increases sociability through disinhibition, 1,4-butanediol presents strong entactogenic effects which, although weaker than that of MDMA, are still prominent and well-defined.",
128 "name": "Empathy, love and sociability enhancement"
129 },
130 {
131 "description": "",
132 "name": "Disinhibition"
133 },
134 {
135 "description": "",
136 "name": "Information processing suppression"
137 },
138 {
139 "description": "",
140 "name": "Thought deceleration"
141 },
142 {
143 "description": "",
144 "name": "Amnesia"
145 },
146 {
147 "description": "",
148 "name": "Euphoria"
149 },
150 {
151 "description": "",
152 "name": "Anxiety suppression"
153 }
154 ],
155 "note": ""
156 }
157 },
158 "notes": {
159 "cognitive": "The cognitive effects of 1,4-butanediol can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage. It contains a large number of typical depressant cognitive effects.",
160 "overview": "",
161 "physical": "The physical effects of 1,4-butanediol can be broken down into several components which progressively intensify proportional to dosage.",
162 "sensory": ""
163 },
164 "physical": {
165 "General": {
166 "effects": [
167 {
168 "description": "At lower doses, 1,4-butanediol is physically stimulating, encouraging movement and wakefulness. At higher doses, however, it becomes physically sedating, encouraging sleep and lethargy.",
169 "name": "Stimulation and Sedation"
170 },
171 {
172 "description": "",
173 "name": "Euphoria"
174 },
175 {
176 "description": "",
177 "name": "Nausea"
178 },
179 {
180 "description": "",
181 "name": "Motor control loss"
182 },
183 {
184 "description": "",
185 "name": "Dizziness"
186 },
187 {
188 "description": "",
189 "name": "Dehydration"
190 },
191 {
192 "description": "Many reportedly experience an abnormal pattern of breathing characterized by progressively deeper and sometimes faster breathing followed by a gradual decrease that results in a temporary stop in breathing called an apnea.",
193 "name": "Respiratory depression"
194 }
195 ],
196 "note": ""
197 }
198 },
199 "sensory": {
200 "auditory": {
201 "note": "",
202 "subcategories": {}
203 },
204 "gustatory": {
205 "note": "",
206 "subcategories": {}
207 },
208 "multisensory": {
209 "note": "",
210 "subcategories": {}
211 },
212 "olfactory": {
213 "note": "",
214 "subcategories": {}
215 },
216 "tactile": {
217 "note": "",
218 "subcategories": {}
219 },
220 "visual": {
221 "note": "",
222 "subcategories": {}
223 }
224 }
225 },
226 "comparisons": [],
227 "pharmacology": {
228 "bioavailability_notes": "",
229 "half_life": "",
230 "mechanism_of_action": [
231 "Prodrug (metabolizes to GHB via alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase)",
232 "Gamma-hydroxybutyrate receptor agonist",
233 "GABA-B receptor agonist"
234 ],
235 "metabolism": "",
236 "metabolites": [],
237 "receptor_binding": {}
238 },
239 "interactions": {
240 "caution": [],
241 "dangerous": [],
242 "unsafe": []
243 },
244 "reagent_testing": {},
245 "tolerance": {
246 "baseline_tolerance": "",
247 "cross_tolerance": [],
248 "full_tolerance": "",
249 "half_tolerance": ""
250 },
251 "harm_potential": {
252 "addiction": {
253 "physical_dependence": {
254 "description": "",
255 "level": null
256 },
257 "psychological": {
258 "description": "Classified as habit-forming with potential for psychological dependence characteristic of GABAergic depressants.",
259 "level": "moderate"
260 }
261 },
262 "psychosis": {
263 "description": "",
264 "level": null
265 },
266 "seizure": {
267 "description": "",
268 "level": null
269 },
270 "toxicity": {
271 "antibiotic_function": {
272 "description": "",
273 "level": null
274 },
275 "carcinogenicity": {
276 "description": "",
277 "evidence": null,
278 "level": null
279 },
280 "lethal_dosage": {
281 "ld50": [],
282 "notes": "Safe only in small amounts; death is possible if ingested in large quantities. A 2021 poisoning incident in Germany involving contaminated beverages resulted in several severe illnesses, with one person in critical condition."
283 },
284 "organ_toxicity": [
285 {
286 "findings": "Liver toxicity has been identified as a potential health risk associated with use, representing an additional hazard compared to GHB itself.",
287 "mechanism": "",
288 "notes": "",
289 "system": "Hepatic"
290 }
291 ]
292 }
293 },
294 "history_culture": {
295 "content": "",
296 "sections": [
297 {
298 "content": "1,4-Butanediol was first synthesized in 1890 by Dutch chemist Pieter Johannes Dekkers through the acidic hydrolysis of N,N'-dinitro-1,4-butanediamine. Dekkers originally named the compound \"tetramethylene glycol,\" a reference to its structure as a four-carbon diol.",
299 "date_range": {
300 "start": "1890"
301 },
302 "heading": "Discovery and Synthesis",
303 "subsections": []
304 },
305 {
306 "content": "1,4-Butanediol has gained recognition as a recreational substance due to its metabolic conversion to gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) following oral ingestion. Within recreational drug communities, the substance is known by various street names including \"Bute,\" \"One Comma Four,\" \"Liquid Fantasy,\" \"One Four Bee,\" and \"One Four B-D-O.\"",
307 "heading": "Recreational Use",
308 "subsections": []
309 },
310 {
311 "content": "",
312 "heading": "Notable Incidents",
313 "subsections": [
314 {
315 "content": "In November 2007, a children's craft toy called \"Bindeez\" (marketed as \"Aqua Dots\" in North America) was recalled by the distributor after 1,4-butanediol was detected in the product through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The toy consisted of small beads designed to adhere to one another when sprayed with water. Investigation revealed that the manufacturing facility had substituted the intended 1,5-pentanediol with 1,4-butanediol, apparently as a cost-cutting measure. Market prices at the time showed 1,4-butanediol costing approximately $1,350 to $2,800 per metric ton, compared to roughly $9,700 per metric ton for the safer 1,5-pentanediol alternative.",
316 "date_range": {
317 "start": "2007"
318 },
319 "heading": "2007 Bindeez Toy Contamination"
320 },
321 {
322 "content": "In August 2021, a poisoning incident occurred at the Lichtwiese Campus of Darmstadt Technical University in Germany. Several individuals became severely ill after consuming beverages at building L2.01, with seven people experiencing serious symptoms. Two victims required transport to a hospital in Frankfurt am Main, and one 30-year-old individual was at one point reported to be in critical condition. Investigators detected 1,4-butanediol in contaminated milk packages and water filters at the location, along with other substances including bromophenols and dicyclohexylamine.",
323 "date_range": {
324 "start": "2021"
325 },
326 "heading": "2021 Darmstadt University Poisoning"
327 }
328 ]
329 }
330 ]
331 },
332 "legality": {
333 "countries": {
334 "Canada": {
335 "notes": "Controlled as a Schedule VI precursor under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. This classification applies to precursor chemicals rather than substances controlled for direct psychoactive effects.",
336 "status": "Schedule VI precursor"
337 },
338 "Germany": {
339 "notes": "The substance is not explicitly listed as illegal under German drug legislation. However, it may be treated as illegal if possessed or sold for use as a drug rather than for legitimate industrial purposes.",
340 "status": "Not explicitly scheduled"
341 },
342 "United Kingdom": {
343 "notes": "Scheduled in December 2009 as a Class C controlled substance alongside gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), another GHB precursor. Controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.",
344 "status": "Class C"
345 },
346 "United States": {
347 "notes": "While 1,4-butanediol is not currently scheduled at the federal level, several states have classified it as a controlled substance. Individuals have been prosecuted for possession under the Federal Analog Act as substantially similar to GHB. Court rulings have been inconsistent: a 2002 federal case in New York ruled it could not be considered a GHB analog, but this decision was later overturned by the Second Circuit Court of Appeals.",
348 "status": "Not federally scheduled (Federal Analog Act may apply)"
349 }
350 },
351 "international": []
352 },
353 "source_citations": [
354 {
355 "name": "Bluelight: 1,4-BDO Withdrawal Thread (2023)",
356 "url": "https://www.bluelight.org/community/threads/1-4-butanediol-withdrawal.932221/"
357 },
358 {
359 "name": "Bluelight: Experience Report (2009)",
360 "url": "https://www.bluelight.org/community/threads/1-4-bdo-new-experience-one-hell-of-a-bad-experience.467141/"
361 },
362 {
363 "name": "PsychonautWiki: 1,4-Butanediol",
364 "url": "https://psychonautwiki.org/wiki/1,4-Butanediol"
365 },
366 {
367 "name": "Wikipedia",
368 "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,4-Butanediol"
369 }
370 ],
371 "citations": [
372 {
373 "name": "Adverse Events, Including Death, Associated with 1,4-BDO - NEJM (2001)",
374 "url": "https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM200101113440202"
375 },
376 {
377 "name": "Clinical Pharmacology of 1,4-BDO (Thai et al., 2007)",
378 "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17192771/"
379 },
380 {
381 "name": "Consequences of 1,4-Butanediol Misuse - PMC (2023)",
382 "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10698855/"
383 },
384 {
385 "name": "DEA Drug Fact Sheet: 1,4-Butanediol (2025)",
386 "url": "https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/bdo.pdf"
387 },
388 {
389 "name": "DEA Drug Fact Sheet: GHB (2020)",
390 "url": "https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2020-06/GHB-2020_0.pdf"
391 },
392 {
393 "name": "Fatal Intoxication Case Report (2023)",
394 "url": "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.15294"
395 },
396 {
397 "name": "GBL & 1,4-BDO ACMD Report (UK Home Office, 2006)",
398 "url": "https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a7ac39940f0b66a2fc02a4c/report-on-gbl1.pdf"
399 },
400 {
401 "name": "Metabolism Study - PMC (2019)",
402 "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6465153/"
403 },
404 {
405 "name": "PubChem Compound Summary: 1,4-Butanediol (2024)",
406 "url": "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/1%2C4-butanediol"
407 },
408 {
409 "name": "Reddit: /r/researchchemicals Discussion (2019)",
410 "url": "https://www.reddit.com/r/researchchemicals/comments/e8ujz4/i_take_back_what_i_said_about_14_bdo/"
411 },
412 {
413 "name": "Two Cases of Withdrawal - Annals of Emergency Medicine (2001)",
414 "url": "https://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644(01)70054-6/fulltext"
415 },
416 {
417 "name": "WebMD: 1,4-Butanediol",
418 "url": "https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-21/1-4-butanediol"
419 }
420 ],
421 "_creationTime": 1769158947427.8708,
422 "_id": "k977stt10vhh2f33jwrmmdkqzx7zrcq1"
423}
