Citation noticeOur citation system is being overhauled
References and citation markers may currently be incomplete, mismatched, or incorrect. This system is being rebuilt and reviewed before the full site launch.
4,4'-DMAR
4,4'-DMAR is a stimulant and entactogen1 of the aminorex chemical class.2 It was first detected in the Netherlands in December 20123 and was sold as a designer drug across Europe from mid-2013. Thirty-one deaths associated with 4,4'-DMAR were registered between June 2013 and June 2014 in Hungary, Poland, and the United Kingdom, with other drugs detected in all but one case.4
Dosage & Duration
Dosage
Doses are population estimates that vary widely between individuals.
Duration
Subjective Effects
Pharmacology
Pharmacodynamics
(±)-cis-4,4'-DMAR is a potent monoamine releasing agent at serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine transporters in rat brain synaptosomes.5 It also interacts with vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) at a potency similar to MDMA.6 It is inactive as a TAAR1 agonist, so the self-limiting action associated with TAAR1 activation by some monoamine releasing agents may not occur. Its interactions with 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors are very weak, and it appears inactive at 5-HT2B.
Pharmacokinetics
Interactions
An unlisted combination is an unknown one, not a safe one. Check a dedicated combination chart before mixing.
Tolerance
Harm Potential
Toxicity
At least 31 deaths have been linked to 4,4'-DMAR in Hungary, Poland, and the UK by February 2014, with an additional 19 deaths reported in Northern Ireland during the same period. Most fatalities occurred when the substance was consumed in combination with other drugs.
History & Culture
4,4'-DMAR was first detected in the Netherlands in December 2012.7 It was advertised under the name "Serotoni" and offered by online retailers as a "research chemical".8
Legality
By Country
References
Source Pages
Citations
Further Reading
Article Status
Step 1 · Automated synthesisAn autonomous workflow built by Josie Kins compiled this article's foundation from information published across the web.
- Step 2 · First-pass reviewPending
Not yet reviewed: this article is pending editorial review by Lyrea.
- Step 3 · Citation reviewPending
No one has reviewed this article's citations yet. That second pass checks each claim against the source it cites.
Suggest an edit
Spotted a mistake, an outdated claim, or something missing from the 4,4'-DMAR article? Send the editors a private note. Feedback lands in a moderation queue and is never shown on the site.
Wish to give generalised feedback? You can do so here.